APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS

TERMS BEGINNING WITH U Uniform Resource Locator (URL): the address of a page or resource on the internet. Unit test: a small test that checks one piece of code by itself. Untrusted by default: treating external content as data and never as commands. Untrusted content: any text that comes from outside your control, such as a web page or a user's file. URL: the short form of Uniform Resource Locator (URL). TERMS BEGINNING WITH V Validation error: an error caused by wrong input. Validation hook: a hook that checks that an input or output is acceptable. Variance: random wobble in scores. Vector database: a store that searches by meaning instead of by exact keywords. Verbosity bias: a grading habit of favoring longer answers just because they are longer. Verification gate: an automatic checkpoint that sends failing work back. Verification layer: the sixth ETCLOVG layer, covering checking that outputs are correct. Version control: software that records every change to files so earlier versions can be restored. Versioning: labeling forms of a tool to track changes. Virtual machine: a pretend computer running inside a real one, used for strong isolation.